Title- Phytohormones: Biosynthesis, function and regulation

Abstract

Changes in climate have an impact on plants' morphological, physiological, biological, and biochemical conditions. Biochemical changes, protein regulation, molecular processes, post-translational modification, and signal transduction are all examples of how plants react to abiotic stress. The roles, synthesis, and effects of phytohormones are fascinating. It's interesting to note that in recent decades, there has been a lot of interest in using phytohormones to lessen the effects of abiotic stress. By promoting seed germination, seedling growth, leaf photosynthesis, root growth, and antioxidant enzymes while decreasing the buildup of reactive oxygen species, malonaldehyde, and electrolyte leakage, phytohormones might enhance resistance to abiotic stressors. Plant growth and development are regulated by phytohormones, which can be essential to a plant's ability to adapt and survive under various stressors. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) also produce several of these phytohormones, including cytokinin, gibberellin, salicylic acid, auxin, and ethylene. Numerous microorganisms create and release hormones that aid plants in absorbing nutrients including N, P, and Fe. Utilising these bacteria exogenously aids plants in resolving nutritional deficiencies caused by abiotic stressors. Given the function of hormones and the ability of microbes to produce hormones, we suggest using both hormones and microbes as a possible crop stress control technique.